BLACK HISTORY IS AMERICAN HISTORY
I STRONGLY AGREE WITH "ACTOR / CELEBRITY" MORGAN FREEMAN.,
BLACK HISTORY IS FAR MUCH MORE THAN A SO-CALLED (ONE) CELEBRATED MONTH, OF FEBRUARY! BLACK HISTORY IS (ALL) AMERICAN HISTORY. EVER SINCE BEFORE THE START, AND AFTER, THE MAKING OF THE USA. AND TO SAY THAT BLACK HISTORY IS SOME MONTH THAT ONLY COMES ONCE A DARN YEAR, AND OF ONLY ONE DARN MONTH, IS SOME REAL "B.S." IT'S BECAUSE OF BLACK AMERICAN PEOPLE, IS WHY THERE IS AMERICAN HISTORY, RIGHT ALONG WITH WHITE AMERICAN HISTORY! & YET, YOU SEE THAT THEY (DON'T) HAVE A WHITE HISTORY MONTH! SO WHY IS THERE A BLACK HISTORY MONTH? BLACK HISTORY IS AMERICAN HISTORY PERIOD. BLACK PEOPLE DIDN'T JUST COME HERE A FEW DECADES AGO, & STARTED MAKING SOME FRIGGIN HISTORY! BLACK AMERICAN HISTORY WAS IN THE MAKING ALTOGETHER WITH WHITE AMERICAN HISTORY TOO! EVER SINCE BEFORE, & AFTER JULY (1776.) AS A MATTER OF FACT, EVEN SOME OF THE IDEAS, & INVENTIONS, THAT WERE CREATED, WERE ALSO MADE BY BLACK AMERICANS., AND MANY TIMES, THOSE IDEAS, AND INVENTIONS, WERE TAKEN FROM THE BLACKS., AND THE CREDIT WAS GIVEN TO CERTAIN WHITE PEOPLE., ESPECIALLY THE ONES WHO HAD SLAVES. THE SO-CALLED SLAVE MASTERS, WHO ACTUALLY DIDN'T CREATE ANYTHING, BUT TOOK THE CREDIT FOR THE IDEA AND INVENTION OF THE IDEAS FROM THEIR OWNED SLAVES. BUT BECAUSE THEY HAD SLAVES, SUPPOSEDLY, THOSE IDEAS THAT THE SLAVES MADE, DIDN'T BELONG TO THE SLAVES BECAUSE THEY WERE NOT CONSIDERED FREE PEOPLE! AND WERE CONSIDERED OWNED PROPERTY OF THEIR SO-CALLED SLAVE-MASTERS, BECAUSE THEY WERE SLAVES. AND SOME CREATIONS / INVENTIONS THAT WERE MADE OR CREATED BY (FREE) BLACK PEOPLE, WHO WASN'T SLAVES NO MORE, ALSO WASN'T GIVEN THE CREDIT TO THEMSELVES EITHER. BECAUSE NO ONE BELIEVED IN EQUAL RIGHTS AT THE TIME. SO THEREFORE, BLACK PEOPLE REALLY MADE / INVENTED MANY OF THE THINGS WE USE TODAY IN OUR TIME, BUT THEY THEIR IDEAS / INVENTIONS WERE STOLEN FROM THEM. SO THE POINT IS, AND THE WHOLE FACT IS, THAT (BLACK HISTORY IS AMERICAN HISTORY). REGARDLESS OF WHAT THE TEACHERS WANTED TO TEACH, OR DIDN'T WANT TO TEACH, IN THE HISTORY CLASS / SCHOOL CLASSES. THE OVER ALL REALITY OF IT IS, THERE SHOULD BE A BLACK HISTORY YEAR! & EVERY YEAR. RATHER THAN A BLACK HISTORY MONTH! JUST AS WHITE HISTORY IS TOO...
BLACK HISTORY IS FAR MUCH MORE THAN A SO-CALLED (ONE) CELEBRATED MONTH, OF FEBRUARY! BLACK HISTORY IS (ALL) AMERICAN HISTORY. EVER SINCE BEFORE THE START, AND AFTER, THE MAKING OF THE USA. AND TO SAY THAT BLACK HISTORY IS SOME MONTH THAT ONLY COMES ONCE A DARN YEAR, AND OF ONLY ONE DARN MONTH, IS SOME REAL "B.S." IT'S BECAUSE OF BLACK AMERICAN PEOPLE, IS WHY THERE IS AMERICAN HISTORY, RIGHT ALONG WITH WHITE AMERICAN HISTORY! & YET, YOU SEE THAT THEY (DON'T) HAVE A WHITE HISTORY MONTH! SO WHY IS THERE A BLACK HISTORY MONTH? BLACK HISTORY IS AMERICAN HISTORY PERIOD. BLACK PEOPLE DIDN'T JUST COME HERE A FEW DECADES AGO, & STARTED MAKING SOME FRIGGIN HISTORY! BLACK AMERICAN HISTORY WAS IN THE MAKING ALTOGETHER WITH WHITE AMERICAN HISTORY TOO! EVER SINCE BEFORE, & AFTER JULY (1776.) AS A MATTER OF FACT, EVEN SOME OF THE IDEAS, & INVENTIONS, THAT WERE CREATED, WERE ALSO MADE BY BLACK AMERICANS., AND MANY TIMES, THOSE IDEAS, AND INVENTIONS, WERE TAKEN FROM THE BLACKS., AND THE CREDIT WAS GIVEN TO CERTAIN WHITE PEOPLE., ESPECIALLY THE ONES WHO HAD SLAVES. THE SO-CALLED SLAVE MASTERS, WHO ACTUALLY DIDN'T CREATE ANYTHING, BUT TOOK THE CREDIT FOR THE IDEA AND INVENTION OF THE IDEAS FROM THEIR OWNED SLAVES. BUT BECAUSE THEY HAD SLAVES, SUPPOSEDLY, THOSE IDEAS THAT THE SLAVES MADE, DIDN'T BELONG TO THE SLAVES BECAUSE THEY WERE NOT CONSIDERED FREE PEOPLE! AND WERE CONSIDERED OWNED PROPERTY OF THEIR SO-CALLED SLAVE-MASTERS, BECAUSE THEY WERE SLAVES. AND SOME CREATIONS / INVENTIONS THAT WERE MADE OR CREATED BY (FREE) BLACK PEOPLE, WHO WASN'T SLAVES NO MORE, ALSO WASN'T GIVEN THE CREDIT TO THEMSELVES EITHER. BECAUSE NO ONE BELIEVED IN EQUAL RIGHTS AT THE TIME. SO THEREFORE, BLACK PEOPLE REALLY MADE / INVENTED MANY OF THE THINGS WE USE TODAY IN OUR TIME, BUT THEY THEIR IDEAS / INVENTIONS WERE STOLEN FROM THEM. SO THE POINT IS, AND THE WHOLE FACT IS, THAT (BLACK HISTORY IS AMERICAN HISTORY). REGARDLESS OF WHAT THE TEACHERS WANTED TO TEACH, OR DIDN'T WANT TO TEACH, IN THE HISTORY CLASS / SCHOOL CLASSES. THE OVER ALL REALITY OF IT IS, THERE SHOULD BE A BLACK HISTORY YEAR! & EVERY YEAR. RATHER THAN A BLACK HISTORY MONTH! JUST AS WHITE HISTORY IS TOO...
ACTOR / CELEBRITY:
MORGAN FREEMAN
Marvin F. One Of Many Of The (18th Century,.) Run Away Black Slaves In America., Although This Took Place (300 Years) "After" The First Group Of Escape Black Slaves Found There Way Here In The Early (15th. Century!) Which Was Well Over (100 Years) Before The White Race Found Themselves To Come Here To These American Lands Too. And To Eventually Take It Over From The (Original & Authentic Real Americans). Which Ofcourse, Are The Natural Red-Skinned American Indians! Who That Were Obviously Already Here First...
Garrett Augustus Morgan Jr.
Born (03/04/1877.)
This Is A photo Of The (Actual) Man That Invented The Traffic Signal! Yes, A Black American Man.,Garrett A. Morgan Jr. And He Also Invented The (Respiratory Mask.,) & He Invented The (Hair Straighting) Checmical/Cream & The Ironing Straighting Comb. That Most Black Americans Love So Much To This Day! & Seem To Can't Live Without.
This Man, hardly was able to get his full, or even half, of his credit for what he did, he sometimes even had to pay certain white men actors to help sell replicas of his invention all over the Country, without revealing that it was created/made by a black man. And he had somehow, felt concerned, & inspired to find a way to create/invent a method, or device to help rescue some many helpless (White Male) Fire Fighters form both, a major factory fire, & from an underground tunnel. He invented the respiratory face mask in (1916.) And he inventend the traffic signal in (1923.)
He invented the hair straighting method in (1910.) That was basicly the start of black people wanting to look like white people! By processing their hair to a more staright/straighter texture. And he was inspired to invent the traffic light signal, mainly because after after the start, & increased production of the automobile industry in America., There was a strong need of some sort of a method to better direct traffic. So thats when this man got very creative, & actually patent the very first ever, traffic signal. Now, unlike further back in the days of slaves, there were many inventions & ideas that black people made/created, that they never was able to get their fair credit for, because they were slaves, & as you know, their own ideas didn't belong to them. As the so-called slave masters said. Because they owned them like cattle. No matter what type of smart ideas those slave invented, they were stolen from them by their slave masters. And the fact of the mater is, that black people really responsible of many of the historic inventions, & progress, that are known to everyone here in the USA. And thruout the Whole World., As recognized American Inventions that helped advanced this United States American Country.
This Man, hardly was able to get his full, or even half, of his credit for what he did, he sometimes even had to pay certain white men actors to help sell replicas of his invention all over the Country, without revealing that it was created/made by a black man. And he had somehow, felt concerned, & inspired to find a way to create/invent a method, or device to help rescue some many helpless (White Male) Fire Fighters form both, a major factory fire, & from an underground tunnel. He invented the respiratory face mask in (1916.) And he inventend the traffic signal in (1923.)
He invented the hair straighting method in (1910.) That was basicly the start of black people wanting to look like white people! By processing their hair to a more staright/straighter texture. And he was inspired to invent the traffic light signal, mainly because after after the start, & increased production of the automobile industry in America., There was a strong need of some sort of a method to better direct traffic. So thats when this man got very creative, & actually patent the very first ever, traffic signal. Now, unlike further back in the days of slaves, there were many inventions & ideas that black people made/created, that they never was able to get their fair credit for, because they were slaves, & as you know, their own ideas didn't belong to them. As the so-called slave masters said. Because they owned them like cattle. No matter what type of smart ideas those slave invented, they were stolen from them by their slave masters. And the fact of the mater is, that black people really responsible of many of the historic inventions, & progress, that are known to everyone here in the USA. And thruout the Whole World., As recognized American Inventions that helped advanced this United States American Country.
Dr. Daniel Hale Williams
Born ( 01/18/1858.)
He was an American Surgeon. He was the First Black American Cardiologist., and performed the first open heart surgery,. & "The First"
Successful Cardiac Surgery in the United States. He
also founded Provident Hospital, the "First", (Non-Segregated)
Hospital in the United States.
At the time that he graduated from medical school, black doctors were not
allowed to work in Chicago hospitals. As a result, in 1891, Williams started the
Provident Hospital (Chicago) and training school
for nurses in Chicago, Illinois. This was established mostly for
Black American Citizens.
Although, Dr. Daniel Hale Williams Was The First To Perform Cardiac Surgery,. In 1893. Williams repaired the torn pericardium of a knife wound patient, James
Cornish, the second on record. He
performed this surgery, without the benefit of penicillin or blood transfusion,
at Provident Hospital, Chicago., on July 10, 1893.
About fifty-five days later, James Cornish had successfully recovered from the
surgery.
Dr. Williams lived with his father who was a "Free Black/Negro" barber, his mother, his one
brother and five sisters and was the fifth child of the family. His family
eventually moved to Annapolis, Maryland. Shortly after when Daniel
was nine, his father died. Williams graduated from Chicago
Medical College in 1883.
Successful Cardiac Surgery in the United States. He
also founded Provident Hospital, the "First", (Non-Segregated)
Hospital in the United States.
At the time that he graduated from medical school, black doctors were not
allowed to work in Chicago hospitals. As a result, in 1891, Williams started the
Provident Hospital (Chicago) and training school
for nurses in Chicago, Illinois. This was established mostly for
Black American Citizens.
Although, Dr. Daniel Hale Williams Was The First To Perform Cardiac Surgery,. In 1893. Williams repaired the torn pericardium of a knife wound patient, James
Cornish, the second on record. He
performed this surgery, without the benefit of penicillin or blood transfusion,
at Provident Hospital, Chicago., on July 10, 1893.
About fifty-five days later, James Cornish had successfully recovered from the
surgery.
Dr. Williams lived with his father who was a "Free Black/Negro" barber, his mother, his one
brother and five sisters and was the fifth child of the family. His family
eventually moved to Annapolis, Maryland. Shortly after when Daniel
was nine, his father died. Williams graduated from Chicago
Medical College in 1883.
Thomas L. Jennings
Born In ( 1791.)
Was The First "Free Black Slave / Man," That Was Granted A U.S. Patent.,
He was an American Tradesman and Abolitionist. He was a Free
Black Man who operated a dry-cleaning business in New York City, New York. And was the first Black American to be
granted a patent.
Jennings' skills along with a patent granted by the State of New
York on March 3, 1821 for a dry cleaning process called "dry
scouring" enabled him to build his business. He spent his early earnings on
legal fees to purchase his family out of slavery, and supporting the
abolitionist movement. In 1831, Jennings became assistant secretary to the First Annual Convention of the People of Color in
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania., Which met in June, 1831. But Although, everyone is a color.
Jennings' patent resulted in a considerable amount of controversy. The U.S. patent laws of 1793 stated that "the master is the owner of the fruits of the labor of the slave both manual and intellectual," thus slaves could not patent their own inventions, the efforts would be the property of their master.
Thomas Jennings was able to gain exclusive rights to his invention because of his status of being a free man. In (1861.) patent rights were finally extended to slaves.
He was an American Tradesman and Abolitionist. He was a Free
Black Man who operated a dry-cleaning business in New York City, New York. And was the first Black American to be
granted a patent.
Jennings' skills along with a patent granted by the State of New
York on March 3, 1821 for a dry cleaning process called "dry
scouring" enabled him to build his business. He spent his early earnings on
legal fees to purchase his family out of slavery, and supporting the
abolitionist movement. In 1831, Jennings became assistant secretary to the First Annual Convention of the People of Color in
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania., Which met in June, 1831. But Although, everyone is a color.
Jennings' patent resulted in a considerable amount of controversy. The U.S. patent laws of 1793 stated that "the master is the owner of the fruits of the labor of the slave both manual and intellectual," thus slaves could not patent their own inventions, the efforts would be the property of their master.
Thomas Jennings was able to gain exclusive rights to his invention because of his status of being a free man. In (1861.) patent rights were finally extended to slaves.
Under U.S. Patent & Trade Laws Of (1861.)
Under the United States patent laws of 1793 and
1836, both slaves and freedman could patent their inventions. However, in 1857,
a slave-owner named Oscar Stuart patented a "double cotton scraper" that was
invented by his slave. Historical records only show the real inventor's name as
being Ned. Stuart's reasoning for his actions was that, "the master is the owner
of the fruits of the labor of the slave both manual and intellectual". In 1858,
the U.S. patent office changed the patent laws, in response to the Oscar Stuart
vs Ned case, in favor of Oscar Stuart. Their reasoning was that slaves were not
citizens, and could not be granted patents. But surprising in 1861, the
Confederate States of America passed a law granting patent rights to slaves. In
1870, the U.S.government passed a patent law giving all American men including
blacks the rights to their inventions.
1836, both slaves and freedman could patent their inventions. However, in 1857,
a slave-owner named Oscar Stuart patented a "double cotton scraper" that was
invented by his slave. Historical records only show the real inventor's name as
being Ned. Stuart's reasoning for his actions was that, "the master is the owner
of the fruits of the labor of the slave both manual and intellectual". In 1858,
the U.S. patent office changed the patent laws, in response to the Oscar Stuart
vs Ned case, in favor of Oscar Stuart. Their reasoning was that slaves were not
citizens, and could not be granted patents. But surprising in 1861, the
Confederate States of America passed a law granting patent rights to slaves. In
1870, the U.S.government passed a patent law giving all American men including
blacks the rights to their inventions.
JACK JOHNSON THE FIRST!
(BLACK WORLD HEAVYWEIGHT CHAMPION BOXER)
Jack Johnson
Born (1878.)
Jack Johnson Was The First Black American To Win The "Heavy Weight" Championship Title! He Had To Actually Chase, The White Ex-Champion, Almost Around The Whole World, Just To Finally Have A Chance To Fight, & Have A Match Fight, In Order To Obtain The Tile Belt. Jack Johnson Chased Tommy Burns For (2) Darn Years! Until He Finally Got Him Cornered, To Face Him, Man-To-Man! So They Finally Had The Fight In (Australia.)
Jack Johnson Knocked Tommy Burns Out! And Jack Johnson Became The Very First; (Black Heavy Weight Boxing Champion Of The World!) And Then The Search Was On! The White People In America Tried Their Hardest To Find A (Great-White-HopeS!) But They Only Came Up With (Great-White-Jokes!) And The White Race Searched The Whole World Trying To Hopfully Find One White Man Who Could Beat Jack Johnson, & They Couldn't Because No One Could Beat Him! Until Later On In Life, After He Got Old. And,
During That Time/Era,. Any Man Having The "HEAVY-WEIGHT" Title., Was Almost Considered To Be In A Very Higher Position, Or More Important Position, As That Of A President Of A Country, Or Miltary General. And Besides That, Jack Johnson, Was The (ONLY) Black American Man In The USA To Date "White-Women!" At That Time. Because During Those Days, Black Men Was Hung, & Killed! If They Even Just "Looked" At A White Woman! Let Lone, Of Actually Being With One. Although, White Men Always Kept Taking Black Women At Will, All They Wanted To, And Rapeing Them Too. Maybe Thats One Of The Other Reasons Why Today, White Women Strongly Seek Black Men. Because It wasn't Allowed Back In Those Days.
But Anyway, Basicly, The Real Start Of The Civil Rights Movement, "Black Equality," & "Black Independence" Actually Began With The Boxing Fight Match That Took Place In (Reno, Nevada.) On July 4th. (1910.) Between Black, Jack Johnson, & White, James Jeffries. Because All Hell Broke Loose! (RACE-RIOTS!) All Over America. Because After Jack Johnson Knocked Out James (Jim) Jeffries., Almost All Black People In America Finally Decided To Acknowledge (Equal Rights!) For Black Folks Too. And many People Got (Hurt & Killed) At That Time, Fighting For (Black Independence.) In The USA. And That Was Long Before Mr. Martin Luther King Jr., & Mrs. Rosa Parks. So Thats Why That Fight Was Known As;
(THE FIGHT OF THE CENTURY!)
Jack Johnson Knocked Tommy Burns Out! And Jack Johnson Became The Very First; (Black Heavy Weight Boxing Champion Of The World!) And Then The Search Was On! The White People In America Tried Their Hardest To Find A (Great-White-HopeS!) But They Only Came Up With (Great-White-Jokes!) And The White Race Searched The Whole World Trying To Hopfully Find One White Man Who Could Beat Jack Johnson, & They Couldn't Because No One Could Beat Him! Until Later On In Life, After He Got Old. And,
During That Time/Era,. Any Man Having The "HEAVY-WEIGHT" Title., Was Almost Considered To Be In A Very Higher Position, Or More Important Position, As That Of A President Of A Country, Or Miltary General. And Besides That, Jack Johnson, Was The (ONLY) Black American Man In The USA To Date "White-Women!" At That Time. Because During Those Days, Black Men Was Hung, & Killed! If They Even Just "Looked" At A White Woman! Let Lone, Of Actually Being With One. Although, White Men Always Kept Taking Black Women At Will, All They Wanted To, And Rapeing Them Too. Maybe Thats One Of The Other Reasons Why Today, White Women Strongly Seek Black Men. Because It wasn't Allowed Back In Those Days.
But Anyway, Basicly, The Real Start Of The Civil Rights Movement, "Black Equality," & "Black Independence" Actually Began With The Boxing Fight Match That Took Place In (Reno, Nevada.) On July 4th. (1910.) Between Black, Jack Johnson, & White, James Jeffries. Because All Hell Broke Loose! (RACE-RIOTS!) All Over America. Because After Jack Johnson Knocked Out James (Jim) Jeffries., Almost All Black People In America Finally Decided To Acknowledge (Equal Rights!) For Black Folks Too. And many People Got (Hurt & Killed) At That Time, Fighting For (Black Independence.) In The USA. And That Was Long Before Mr. Martin Luther King Jr., & Mrs. Rosa Parks. So Thats Why That Fight Was Known As;
(THE FIGHT OF THE CENTURY!)
THE FIGHT OF THE CENTURY
The Managers & News People Did'nt Want The Ending Of The Fight To Finish Airing On T.V. & Radio. They Kept Saying, "Please Don't Let The Nigger Knock Him Out!" In Front Of The Whole Nation! The So-Called 'White Supremacist Society/Groups', Was Very Deeply Hurt, & Deeply Embarrassed. So They Quickly Stop The Tapes, Telecast/Broadcast, & Live Radio, So No One Could Hear, Or See What Happened,. Except For The Several Thousands That Were Actually There In The Audience, Who Still Saw It. And Then, Thats When The (BLACK & WHITE) Race War Began,. For Independence. Jack Johnson's Championship Knock-Out Win Over James Jeffries, Inspired Almost All Blacks Thru Out America, To Fight For Freedom, & Equality.
The
"Fight of the Century"
In 1910, former undefeated heavyweight champion James J. Jeffries came out of retirement to
challenge Johnson. He had not fought in six years and had to lose well over 100
pounds to get back to his championship fighting weight. Initially Jeffries had
no interest in the fight, being quite happy as an alfalfa farmer. But those who
wanted to see Johnson defeated badgered Jeffries mercilessly for months, and
offered him an unheard sum of money, reputed to be about $120,000 to which he
finally acquiesced.
Jeffries remained mostly hidden from media attention until the day of the
fight, meanwhile Johnson was soaking up the spotlight. John L. Sullivan who made boxing championships a
popular and esteemed spectacle stated that Johnson was in such good physical
shape compared to Jeffries that he could only lose if he had a lack of skill on
the day. Before the fight, Jeffries remarked, "It is my intention to go right
after my opponent and knock him out as soon as possible." While his wife added,
"I'm not interested in prizefighting but I am interested in my husband's
welfare, I do hope this will be his last fight." Johnson's words were "May the
best man win."[]
Racial tension was brewing leading up to the fight and to prevent any harm to
either boxer, guns were prohibited within the arena as was the sale of alcohol
or anyone under the effects of alcohol. Behind the racial attitudes being
instigated by the media was a major investment in gambling for the fight with
10-7 odds in favor of Jeffries.
The fight took place on July 4, 1910 in front of 20,000 people, at a ring
built just for the occasion in downtown Reno, Nevada. Jeffries proved unable to impose
his will on the younger champion and Johnson dominated the fight. By the 15th
round, after Jeffries had been knocked down twice for the first time in his
career, Jeffries corner threw in the towel to end the fight and prevent Jeffries
from having a knock out on his record. Johnson later remarked he knew the fight
was over in the 4th round when he landed an uppercut and saw the look on
Jeffries face, stating "I knew what that look meant. The old ship was
sinking."
The "Fight of the Century" earned Johnson $65,000 (over $1.5 million in 2012
dollars) and silenced the critics, who had belittled Johnson's previous victory
over Tommy Burns as "empty," claiming that Burns was a false champion since
Jeffries had retired undefeated. John L. Sullivan commented after the fight that
never had there been a championship contest that was so one-sided and that
Johnson "played fairly at all times and fought fairly".
Riots and aftermath
The outcome of the fight triggered race riots that evening—the Fourth of July—all across the United States, from
Texas and Colorado to New York and Washington, D.C.
Johnson's victory over Jeffries had dashed white dreams of finding a "great
white hope" to defeat him. Many whites felt humiliated by the defeat of
Jeffries.
Blacks, on the other hand, were jubilant, and celebrated Johnson's great
victory as a victory for racial advancement. Black poet William Waring Cuney later highlighted the black
reaction to the fight in his poem "My Lord, What a Morning." Around the country,
blacks held spontaneous parades and gathered in prayer meetings.
Some riots were simply blacks celebrating in the streets. In certain cities,
like Chicago, the police did not disturb the celebrations. But in other cities,
the police and angry white citizens tried to subdue the revelers. In all, riots
occurred in more than 25 states and 50 cities. About eight blacks and five
whites died in the riots, and hundreds more were injured.
Film
of the bout
A number of leading American film companies joined forces to shoot footage of
the Jeffries-Johnson fight and turn it into a feature-length documentary film,
at the cost of $250,000.The film
Jeffries-Johnson World's Championship Boxing Contest was released in
1910, distributed widely in the U.S. and was exhibited internationally as well.
The star-like setting for an African-American was a remarkable
counter-stereotype in the cinema of the era, and it drew large audiences with
the screenings often turning into celebratory events The
film received more public attention in the United States than any other film to
date and for the next five years, until the release of The
Birth of a Nation.
In the United States, many states and cities banned the exhibition of the
Johnson-Jeffries film. The movement to censor Johnson's victory took over the
country within three days after the fight. It
was a spontaneous movement. Two weeks after the match former President T. R., an avid boxer and fan, wrote
an article for The Outlook in which he supported banning not
just moving pictures of boxing matches, but a complete ban on all prize fights
in America. He cited the "crookedness" and gambling that surrounded such
contests and that moving pictures have "introduced a new method of money getting
and of demoralization." The
controversy surrounding the film directly
motivated Congress to ban distribution of all prizefight films across state
lines in 1912; the ban was lifted in 1940.
In 2005, the film of the Jeffries-Johnson "Fight of the Century" was entered
into the United States National Film Registry as being worthy of
preservation.
challenge Johnson. He had not fought in six years and had to lose well over 100
pounds to get back to his championship fighting weight. Initially Jeffries had
no interest in the fight, being quite happy as an alfalfa farmer. But those who
wanted to see Johnson defeated badgered Jeffries mercilessly for months, and
offered him an unheard sum of money, reputed to be about $120,000 to which he
finally acquiesced.
Jeffries remained mostly hidden from media attention until the day of the
fight, meanwhile Johnson was soaking up the spotlight. John L. Sullivan who made boxing championships a
popular and esteemed spectacle stated that Johnson was in such good physical
shape compared to Jeffries that he could only lose if he had a lack of skill on
the day. Before the fight, Jeffries remarked, "It is my intention to go right
after my opponent and knock him out as soon as possible." While his wife added,
"I'm not interested in prizefighting but I am interested in my husband's
welfare, I do hope this will be his last fight." Johnson's words were "May the
best man win."[]
Racial tension was brewing leading up to the fight and to prevent any harm to
either boxer, guns were prohibited within the arena as was the sale of alcohol
or anyone under the effects of alcohol. Behind the racial attitudes being
instigated by the media was a major investment in gambling for the fight with
10-7 odds in favor of Jeffries.
The fight took place on July 4, 1910 in front of 20,000 people, at a ring
built just for the occasion in downtown Reno, Nevada. Jeffries proved unable to impose
his will on the younger champion and Johnson dominated the fight. By the 15th
round, after Jeffries had been knocked down twice for the first time in his
career, Jeffries corner threw in the towel to end the fight and prevent Jeffries
from having a knock out on his record. Johnson later remarked he knew the fight
was over in the 4th round when he landed an uppercut and saw the look on
Jeffries face, stating "I knew what that look meant. The old ship was
sinking."
The "Fight of the Century" earned Johnson $65,000 (over $1.5 million in 2012
dollars) and silenced the critics, who had belittled Johnson's previous victory
over Tommy Burns as "empty," claiming that Burns was a false champion since
Jeffries had retired undefeated. John L. Sullivan commented after the fight that
never had there been a championship contest that was so one-sided and that
Johnson "played fairly at all times and fought fairly".
Riots and aftermath
The outcome of the fight triggered race riots that evening—the Fourth of July—all across the United States, from
Texas and Colorado to New York and Washington, D.C.
Johnson's victory over Jeffries had dashed white dreams of finding a "great
white hope" to defeat him. Many whites felt humiliated by the defeat of
Jeffries.
Blacks, on the other hand, were jubilant, and celebrated Johnson's great
victory as a victory for racial advancement. Black poet William Waring Cuney later highlighted the black
reaction to the fight in his poem "My Lord, What a Morning." Around the country,
blacks held spontaneous parades and gathered in prayer meetings.
Some riots were simply blacks celebrating in the streets. In certain cities,
like Chicago, the police did not disturb the celebrations. But in other cities,
the police and angry white citizens tried to subdue the revelers. In all, riots
occurred in more than 25 states and 50 cities. About eight blacks and five
whites died in the riots, and hundreds more were injured.
Film
of the bout
A number of leading American film companies joined forces to shoot footage of
the Jeffries-Johnson fight and turn it into a feature-length documentary film,
at the cost of $250,000.The film
Jeffries-Johnson World's Championship Boxing Contest was released in
1910, distributed widely in the U.S. and was exhibited internationally as well.
The star-like setting for an African-American was a remarkable
counter-stereotype in the cinema of the era, and it drew large audiences with
the screenings often turning into celebratory events The
film received more public attention in the United States than any other film to
date and for the next five years, until the release of The
Birth of a Nation.
In the United States, many states and cities banned the exhibition of the
Johnson-Jeffries film. The movement to censor Johnson's victory took over the
country within three days after the fight. It
was a spontaneous movement. Two weeks after the match former President T. R., an avid boxer and fan, wrote
an article for The Outlook in which he supported banning not
just moving pictures of boxing matches, but a complete ban on all prize fights
in America. He cited the "crookedness" and gambling that surrounded such
contests and that moving pictures have "introduced a new method of money getting
and of demoralization." The
controversy surrounding the film directly
motivated Congress to ban distribution of all prizefight films across state
lines in 1912; the ban was lifted in 1940.
In 2005, the film of the Jeffries-Johnson "Fight of the Century" was entered
into the United States National Film Registry as being worthy of
preservation.
"AMERICAN INNOVATION & CREATION OF THE U.S. ECONOMY"
Progress From Both Black & White America., (Working Together!) To Build The #1 American World Economy.
*GENERAL MOTORS*
(General Motors Corporation) Had To Make Drastic
Changes To Remain Being The #1. "Best" & Most Advanced
Auto Manufacturer In
The World! Their Over-All Quality Excel, & Very
Well Exceeds All The Other
Auto Makers On The Planet. Especially With
(On-Star*) No Other Auto-Maker Has
That Type Of Superior Sophisticated Technology In Their Vehicles. Only GM Has
It. But Now, GM Did Finally
Make (FM Type OnStar*) Available For Other Auto Manufacturers To Use. But It Has
To Be Installed.
But As Far As The Downsizing, Is Because Of The Increase
Prices In Gas/Oil/Food, & A
Decrease In Jobs, That Made Them All Suffer
A Great Down Fall. Especially GM
Since They Were The Biggest In Size.
& They Had To Cut & Down-Size. So
After The Government Bail Out,
"Ford" Only Looked Good Because They Did'nt Take
The Loan, & The Reason
Why They Did'nt Take The Money, Is Because Their
Company Was'nt "Confident
Enough" That They Could Even "Re-Pay" The Government
Their Money Back. But
GM Paid It All Back, & With Interest! While "Dodge" Was
Barely Holding
On, Because Dodge/Chrysler Company Is Basicly More Than Half Owned By A Germain
(Foreign) Company Now. Which Is Called (Daimler.) But Atleast Chrysler Did
Finally, & Recently, Pay Back Their Government Loan Too.
So, While "Toyota" Is Knocking On Their Doors For The 3rd.
Place Position In
Size & Quality., Especially With Way Too Many
(Unprecedented-Recalls!) & Honda As Well., But Now I Do Love My Japanese
Adult Toy'z'. Like The (Kawasaki, Suzuki,Yamaha, Honda Motorcycles!) & Jet
Ski's! But I'm Not So Much For The
(Toy'Z'yota) Toy Cars. I'm A "Chevy/GM"
Man! & There's No Truck Out There
That Can Beat Or Out Last A
"Like-A-Rock-Hard" (Chevy Silverado / GMC Sierra!) Truck. "Professional Grade."
And As "The Worlds First" Truck Ever Created., In (1901.) & It Was
First Known As: The (Rapid Motor Company.)
But Ofcourse It's Known Now As GMC.
Just About All Major Inventions Were
Created Here In America! Like The
"Automobiles!" & Like The First Ever
Patent For A Real Steam-Powered Land
Driving Car Was Here In The U.S.A. In {1789.} Which Actually Was a (4-Wheel) Vehicle. & By "Oliver Evens."
Because (Karl Benz) Of Germany, Made
The First Long-Distance Driving 3-Wheel Automobile In {1888.} But Technically, It Wasn't Really Considered An Official Car! Because It Was Only a Tri-Wheel! And Not a 4-Wheel Car!
So, Oldsmobile Was The First To Invent The First Official Fully-Functional "Real" Full-Fledged Automobile! With 4 Wheels In {1897.}
And On Into Near "Perfection Performance" With The Cadillac Of (GM). In 1902. Either way, The (USA) Started/Created The Auto Industry No Matter What! & Thats A Fact. However, Ford Motor Company Was The First To Open It's Sales To The Public, Rather Than Private, Or Unlike GM, To Use Their Vehicles To Support The U.S.A. Military Forces. Which Is What Really Help Make America The Most Powerful And Strongest Nation In The World.
From "Telephones To The Internet", & From "Airplanes To The Space Craft,."
That Enabled Us, To Be The First & Only Country In The Whole Wide
World, The United States Of America, To Travel To Another Planet! Which Is What Is
Known To Us All As, (The Moon!) And Mars Is Next. Plus, The Space Shuttle
Discovery STS 133 Has Just Flew Back To Space With The First Ever Invented
/ Created "Humanoid Robot!" Called (Robonaut-2) Produced By (NASA & GM)
And No Other Auto Manufactor Is Responsible For That, Just Only (GM).
Another Accomplished Mission That Was Just Sent Into Space, To The
International Space Station On: >>>02-24-2011.<<< It Is More
Innovated Advanced New History That Has Been Made Again! & Only In The (U.S.A.)
Changes To Remain Being The #1. "Best" & Most Advanced
Auto Manufacturer In
The World! Their Over-All Quality Excel, & Very
Well Exceeds All The Other
Auto Makers On The Planet. Especially With
(On-Star*) No Other Auto-Maker Has
That Type Of Superior Sophisticated Technology In Their Vehicles. Only GM Has
It. But Now, GM Did Finally
Make (FM Type OnStar*) Available For Other Auto Manufacturers To Use. But It Has
To Be Installed.
But As Far As The Downsizing, Is Because Of The Increase
Prices In Gas/Oil/Food, & A
Decrease In Jobs, That Made Them All Suffer
A Great Down Fall. Especially GM
Since They Were The Biggest In Size.
& They Had To Cut & Down-Size. So
After The Government Bail Out,
"Ford" Only Looked Good Because They Did'nt Take
The Loan, & The Reason
Why They Did'nt Take The Money, Is Because Their
Company Was'nt "Confident
Enough" That They Could Even "Re-Pay" The Government
Their Money Back. But
GM Paid It All Back, & With Interest! While "Dodge" Was
Barely Holding
On, Because Dodge/Chrysler Company Is Basicly More Than Half Owned By A Germain
(Foreign) Company Now. Which Is Called (Daimler.) But Atleast Chrysler Did
Finally, & Recently, Pay Back Their Government Loan Too.
So, While "Toyota" Is Knocking On Their Doors For The 3rd.
Place Position In
Size & Quality., Especially With Way Too Many
(Unprecedented-Recalls!) & Honda As Well., But Now I Do Love My Japanese
Adult Toy'z'. Like The (Kawasaki, Suzuki,Yamaha, Honda Motorcycles!) & Jet
Ski's! But I'm Not So Much For The
(Toy'Z'yota) Toy Cars. I'm A "Chevy/GM"
Man! & There's No Truck Out There
That Can Beat Or Out Last A
"Like-A-Rock-Hard" (Chevy Silverado / GMC Sierra!) Truck. "Professional Grade."
And As "The Worlds First" Truck Ever Created., In (1901.) & It Was
First Known As: The (Rapid Motor Company.)
But Ofcourse It's Known Now As GMC.
Just About All Major Inventions Were
Created Here In America! Like The
"Automobiles!" & Like The First Ever
Patent For A Real Steam-Powered Land
Driving Car Was Here In The U.S.A. In {1789.} Which Actually Was a (4-Wheel) Vehicle. & By "Oliver Evens."
Because (Karl Benz) Of Germany, Made
The First Long-Distance Driving 3-Wheel Automobile In {1888.} But Technically, It Wasn't Really Considered An Official Car! Because It Was Only a Tri-Wheel! And Not a 4-Wheel Car!
So, Oldsmobile Was The First To Invent The First Official Fully-Functional "Real" Full-Fledged Automobile! With 4 Wheels In {1897.}
And On Into Near "Perfection Performance" With The Cadillac Of (GM). In 1902. Either way, The (USA) Started/Created The Auto Industry No Matter What! & Thats A Fact. However, Ford Motor Company Was The First To Open It's Sales To The Public, Rather Than Private, Or Unlike GM, To Use Their Vehicles To Support The U.S.A. Military Forces. Which Is What Really Help Make America The Most Powerful And Strongest Nation In The World.
From "Telephones To The Internet", & From "Airplanes To The Space Craft,."
That Enabled Us, To Be The First & Only Country In The Whole Wide
World, The United States Of America, To Travel To Another Planet! Which Is What Is
Known To Us All As, (The Moon!) And Mars Is Next. Plus, The Space Shuttle
Discovery STS 133 Has Just Flew Back To Space With The First Ever Invented
/ Created "Humanoid Robot!" Called (Robonaut-2) Produced By (NASA & GM)
And No Other Auto Manufactor Is Responsible For That, Just Only (GM).
Another Accomplished Mission That Was Just Sent Into Space, To The
International Space Station On: >>>02-24-2011.<<< It Is More
Innovated Advanced New History That Has Been Made Again! & Only In The (U.S.A.)
The 2015 Chevy Corvette Z06 is coming, and it has already put the supercar world on notice with its 650 horsepower and 650 pound-feet of torque. Now, it claims some very important performance figures as among its feature set, too.
Headlining the new stats released today: 0-60 mph in just 2.95 seconds—when equipped with the 8-speed automatic transmission. We’ve driven this transmission in the standard Stingray, and found it to be a remarkable option--one that can, in some conditions, compete with and even beat Porsche’s PDK dual-clutch system.
If you should opt for the seven-speed manual in the 2015 Z06, however, you’ll ad 0.25 seconds to the 0-60 mph time, bringing it to 3.2 seconds total. That’s just the reality of rowing your own cogs these days.
At the drag strip, the Z06 is good for a 10.95-second run with the automatic, or an 11.2-second trip with the manual, both crossing the traps at 127 mph.
When it’s time to shut it down, the Z06 comes down from 60 mph in just 99.6 feet; in the turns, it can pull 1.2 g lateral acceleration—an improvement of 0.07 g over the previous Corvette best.
The 2015 Chevy Corvette Z06 goes on sale early next year with a base price of $78,995. ( 10/02/2014. )
Headlining the new stats released today: 0-60 mph in just 2.95 seconds—when equipped with the 8-speed automatic transmission. We’ve driven this transmission in the standard Stingray, and found it to be a remarkable option--one that can, in some conditions, compete with and even beat Porsche’s PDK dual-clutch system.
If you should opt for the seven-speed manual in the 2015 Z06, however, you’ll ad 0.25 seconds to the 0-60 mph time, bringing it to 3.2 seconds total. That’s just the reality of rowing your own cogs these days.
At the drag strip, the Z06 is good for a 10.95-second run with the automatic, or an 11.2-second trip with the manual, both crossing the traps at 127 mph.
When it’s time to shut it down, the Z06 comes down from 60 mph in just 99.6 feet; in the turns, it can pull 1.2 g lateral acceleration—an improvement of 0.07 g over the previous Corvette best.
The 2015 Chevy Corvette Z06 goes on sale early next year with a base price of $78,995. ( 10/02/2014. )
That's What You Call Just A "Sample" Of "Real" American Muscle Car Power!
"One Of GM's Greatest Masterpieces Is/Was The Hummer Brand
H1, H2, H3,"
(Like-Nothing-Else-On-Planet-Earth!)
2003 HUMMER H2
Competing Models: -------------------------------------- Cadillac Escalade Chevrolet Tahoe Ford Expedition GMC Yukon Land Rover Range Rover Vortec Power and headturning looks By Lou Ann Hammond -------------------------------------- The HUMMER H2 combines class-leading Vortec power with a durable four-speed automatic transmission and a sophisticated full-time four-wheel-drive system to stake its claim to being a true go-anywhere vehicle. "H2 provides excellent on-pavement power, performance and control for everyday driving and routine tasks like trailer towing," said Ken Lindensmith, H2 assistant vehicle line executive. "But its true character really shines in the off-road arena. It can easily soldier over rocks and through the harshest terrain." And soldier we did. Up and down the terrain of Holister, CA. The HUMMER is known for its distinctive styling, but it has excellent off-road capability. H2 can safely charge into six inches of water at 40 mph, for example, or travel through streams more than 20 inches deep at a leisurely 5-mph pace. It can also comfortably and confidently climb 16-inch steps and rocks, without getting hung up or jarring its passengers. And it can paddle through deep sand or run over sandy surfaces in high-speed desert conditions with remarkable ease. The H2 is powered by a standard GM Vortec 6000 6.0-liter V8 producing 316 horsepower at 5200 rpm and 360 lb.-ft. of torque at 4000 rpm. The engine is mated to a heavy-duty 4L65-E four-speed electronic automatic transmission, capable of out-muscling and out-torquing H2’s premium off-road competitors. The H2’s powertrain, aided by the 4L65-E’s deep 3.06 first-gear ratio, provides smooth launches and respectable off-line acceleration for a vehicle of its size and strength. It get from 0 to 60 mph in about 10 seconds, and can comfortably tow 7000 pounds. The engine uses a new Hitachi throttle body as part of its precise electronic throttle control (ETC) system. ETC, a drive-by-wire system, provides a highly sophisticated and comprehensive way of controlling throttle position. In addition to information from the accelerator pedal, H2’s ETC system also considers other available information, such as transmission shift schedules and whether the vehicle’s transfer case is in "4 HI" or "4 LO" operating mode, to determine the optimum throttle progression for different operating requirements. |
ADVANCED OFF-ROAD TECHNOLOGIES
The sophisticated four-wheel-drive system and transfer case are versatile and driver-selectable. The integrated Borg-Warner two-speed electrically controlled full-time 4WD system is capable of further reducing the vehicle’s gear ratios by 2.64:1 when necessary, for highly controlled obstacle climbing. It provides a 40/60 percent front/rear torque split in "High Open" mode or when the differentials are unlocked and a 50/50 percent front/rear power split when the transfer case differential is locked. A specially designed low-range throttle progression allows the driver to precisely control engine speed (and as a result, the vehicle) over very rough terrain, and is automatically engaged when the transfer case is in "4 LO." The transfer case controls provide five mode selections, four of which can be accessed by dash-mounted button selectors. The fifth mode, neutral, is available by simultaneously pressing two of the button selectors. Selections include: A high-range open or "4 HI Open" for normal, everyday driving on dry road surfaces at any speeds. A high-range lock or "4 HI Locked" for semi-slippery surfaces like snow, light sand or wet areas, such as those around a boat launch; this selection locks the front and rear output shafts together, so their wheels rotate at exactly the same speed. A low-range lock or "4 LO Locked" for severe off-pavement use, such as crawling over large rocks or logs. In addition to locking the two propshafts together, it provides a 2.64:1 gear reduction in the planetary gearset. By lowering the ratios of each of the gears, it adds the equivalent of another, extremely deep-ratio first gear and provides a great deal more torque for slow-speed climbing. Low Lock also activates a new, more measured throttle progression curve, which greatly enhances off-road driving comfort and control. High and Low Lock also allow a driver to select a different set of calibrations for the traction control system, using a separate "TC2" button. This provides additional wheel slip for select operating conditions and road surfaces, such as paddling through deep sand. An Eaton electronic rear differential lock or "4 LO Locked + Rear Diff Locked," available only when the transfer case is in Low Lock position. It permits locking up the rear differential for optimum slow-speed capability in climbing over large rocks or up long, steep grades. It locks the two rear axle shafts together so they rotate at exactly the same speed-and does so electronically. (Since this mode can only be accessed when the transfer case is in Low Lock, the front and rear propshafts are already locked.) "Neutral," obtained by simultaneously pressing the "4 LO Locked" and "4 HI Open" buttons and holding them down for 10 seconds. It permits flat-towing the H2 behind another vehicle. The H2 provides two different throttle progressions, depending on whether it is operating on pavement or off. With the transfer case either in a High Open or High Lock mode, the driver gets normal acceleration for everyday city and highway requirements. The "Tow-Haul" mode switch is available in either of these driving modes. This allows for a different shift progression of the transmission more suitable to trailering. However, off-road operation requires a slower, more controlled throttle response. Large-rock and obstacle crawling, in particular, demand both high torque and a very slow, carefully controlled vehicle speed, with no sudden movement. When the driver shifts into Low Lock, the H2’s low-range throttle progression provides required responsiveness and control. With the new throttle progression curve (calibrated into the electronic engine controller) that it creates, a driver can step on the accelerator without opening up the throttle plate as quickly or fully. At maximum throttle depression, for example, the throttle plate only opens up to about 75 percent of its normal capability. And it takes longer, more throttle travel, to get to that 75 percent maximum, so power or torque are delivered in a more measured and controlled manner. Adding to the overall sense of control is a highly developed Bosch four-channel antilock braking/traction control system (ABS/TCS). In addition to providing optimum control on slippery surfaces, the ABS can detect and adjust its braking capabilities to rough off-road surfaces like gravel and potholes. The TCS also provides the ability to gain traction through a single wheel, if necessary. A second mode of the TCS system, "TC2," used in conjunction with the transfer case’s selections, provides three additional operating modes: "4 HI Locked + TC2," "4 LO Locked + TC2" and "4 LO Locked + Rear Diff Locked + TC2." This provides distinct advantages in different driving conditions, such as loose sand or gravel in the desert or mud or slippery conditions. The H2’s ABS is uniquely designed to detect rough-road surfaces and respond accordingly in addition to providing normal on-road control on slick surfaces. The ABS has separate control logic schemes to discern and react to deformable surfaces and provide the best solution for braking. As a result, the driver is frequently not aware that the ABS system is engaged, just feeling the sensation of a smooth responsive stop. In a very loose gravel surface, the driver may recognize added pedal travel during the stop, when the system has determined that more braking force is the correct solution. The result is an approximate 50 percent increase in deceleration on this surface condition. The single wheel traction control system provides additional capability under certain operating conditions. The system detects a slipping wheel and applies brake pressure to it to slow it down, transferring torque across the differential to provide traction for the wheel on the opposite side. The system senses any slipping wheels and applies the brakes to them individually, while the driveline and differentials transfer torque to the wheel with the high traction for added traction. A driver could have as many as three wheels on a slippery surface with virtually no traction and still get enough torque out of the fourth wheel to propel the truck up a 10 percent grade. Whenever the transfer case is in any locked mode, such as High Lock, Low Lock or Low Lock and Rear Differential Lock, a second selection, called "TC2," is available. The "TC2" button, as indicated, is on the dash in a separate block of controls just below the transfer case selections. TC2 frees the TCS up to provide more wheel slip on loose or deformable road surfaces like sand, where a driver typically needs to "paddle" through. Here, the vehicle might be going 10 mph, for example, while the wheels are spinning at 20 mph. With three transfer case selections, two rear axle differential selections and two modes provided by the TCS mode switch, the driver actually has a total of seven different driving mode selections, providing unprecedented versatility to tailor H2 performance to match driving conditions. |
H2 CHASSIS BLENDS ON-ROAD COMFORT, OFF-ROAD PROWESS
The chassis of the HUMMER H2 was painstakingly designed and engineered to provide a solid foundation for best-in-class off-road performance, while maintaining a refined, comfortable ride on pavement. Not only was the chassis specially tuned for superior off-road performance, it was also designed to optimize the off-road balance between rock crawling and desert racing. Special attention was paid in areas of obstacle clearance, suspension articulation, wheel control and underbody protection. From the start of development of H2’s frame design, all components were packaged flush with or above the frame rails. This provides better protection during underbody impacts. It also allows the vehicle to slide over obstacles more easily on the frame rail or rocker protection-H2 is not as likely as other vehicles to get hung up on any low-hanging components. H2 was created with a long wheelbase, wide tread and short overhangs to provide superior control for the driver in varying types of road or terrain conditions. The short overhangs provide high approach and departure angles, allowing the H2 to drive right into a hole and out again, for example, without getting hung up in front or rear. With its standard LT315/70R-17 BFGoodrich tires and coil-spring suspension, the H2 has an impressive 40.4-degree approach angle and 39.6-degree departure angle. With the optional air-leveling suspension, it has a 41.7-degree approach angle and 38.1-degree departure angle (and that’s without the extended ride height feature engaged). The all-terrain tires have rim protection, a reinforcement of the tire design that extends the durable rubber over the rim of the wheel, and triple sidewalls are standard as well. Rim protection adds extra shielding to the tires and prevents them from slipping off the wheels when aired down. Special underbody protection, including large skid plates, helps define the H2’s rugged character and enhance its performance characteristics. A thick (4mm) stamped aluminum front engine shield runs from right beneath the front bumper back to the transmission. It angles prominently up at the front, with the H2 logo pressed into the shield just below the bumper. A one-inch diameter tubular steel, ladder-type shield protects the transmission and the exhaust system’s two catalytic converters. It is strong enough, when necessary, to briefly support the load of the vehicle sitting on a rock that it is passing over. A third, high-tensile strength, galvanized steel shield protects the transfer case. It has a special cantilevered design, which allows it to flex or spring back after coming into contact with a rock. The shield is designed so that the weight of the truck can move it up when traveling over a rock. But, once the truck has passed over a rock and the shield has done its job of protecting the transfer case, it springs right back to its previous position. Unique rocker protectors bolt through the frame. Large, standard, black-painted steel tubes, running along each side of the vehicle, protect its lower body and door panels against rocks and stumps. The high-strength structural pieces bolt right into the frame with heavy brackets and are designed to withstand off-road impacts from beneath or from side angles. The rocker protectors are so strong they can be used to pivot the entire vehicle on a rock. The fuel tank also has its own heavy plastic shield, designed to absorb abrasions and hits that would otherwise contact the tank. Such protective features greatly enhance the H2’s performance capabilities because they allow it to go places competitors cannot go. Also providing superior off-road control is H2’s solid rear axle setup. It helps optimize suspension articulation and gross motion control, giving the driver a precise sense of vehicle control in the tightest of situations. |
STRONG, THREE-PIECE, FULLY WELDED FRAME
A fully welded ladder-type frame, with a modular, three-piece design that incorporates a number of hydroformed components, provides outstanding strength, stiffness and dimensional accuracy for H2’s chassis. The hydroformed front section helps create the H2’s high approach angle. To improve the frontal crush zone, engineers added reinforcements in key box sections of the frame, enhancing its ability to absorb energy, crush and collapse. Flat crossmembers are used around the transmission mounting area to preclude any possible hang-up points. The tolerances for powertrain mount positions have also been tightened to reduce noise, vibration and harshness (NVH). Because of H2’s full-time 4WD system, engineers also took great care to minimize the NVH transmitted by the front axle to the frame, devising a special three-point mounting system to isolate it. Two forward mounts vertically connect the axle to the frame, while the rear mount attaches it to a crossmember that fits between the two lower control-arm brackets in the frame. The front frame section incorporates a GM-first standard winch receiver. It is designed to handle a whopping 9,000-pound capacity winch for freeing a grounded vehicle. An extension for the receiver could also be used for adding such accessories as a bicycle rack. The receiver itself has the same diameter as the standard integrated rear trailer hitch receiver. Therefore, the front receiver could also be fitted with a hitch that would allow pushing a boat into the water, for example. The winch platform, including the receiver and a bracket, is built into a thick front crossmember as an integral part of the vehicle’s design. Paired tow loops up front complement the distinctive HUMMER-style pivoting tow loops in the rear-the only carryover parts from the H1. The mid-frame has a stamped-steel box section design, with common inner and outer sections and a clamshell-welded configuration. Its strength and stiffness help minimize ride and body vibrations, contributing to a smooth ride on-road and providing the strength and stiffness required to handle severe bumps and jolts. As in other GM SUVs, the composite fuel tank (with large, 32-gallon capacity) is mounted inside the left frame rail, ahead of the rear axle, for maximum protection. One will need a large capacity fuel tank as fuel economy is not the strong suit the HUMMER is known for. The hydroformed, short rear-frame section helps create a high departure angle. It is heavily reinforced in key areas for H2’s 8,600-pound GVWR capacity. The rear section incorporates a standard, integral trailer hitch receiver. Unlike most SUVs (whose hitch receiver is added on), the H2’s is built into the last crossmember of the frame rail and developed into the bumper. A Class III trailer hitch is standard. The H2’s standard independent front torsion bar and five-link coil spring rear suspension provide excellent on-pavement ride comfort and control and a high degree of strength, control and rear-axle articulation off-road. An optional self-leveling air spring suspension for the rear takes comfort, control and off-road axle articulation to an even higher level. |
INDEPENDENT FRONT TORSION BAR SUSPENSION
The independent front torsion bar suspension has 46mm monotube gas-charged shock absorbers, a large 36mm diameter tubular front stabilizer bar and unique tuning. The axle has a 4,000-pound capacity. The front shocks contain unique features for off-road performance. They have a large, high-strength 40mm center tube and a secondary integral bump stop feature, which allows them to absorb jolts at two junctures. Full-size trucks typically have only one urethane front jounce bumper. When severe bumps push the suspension toward the frame, it acts like a final cushion to protect the suspension from hitting the frame. The H2 also has a secondary jounce bumper built into the shock. So, rather than taking all the load at the bump stop attached to the frame rail, it takes some of the load with the shock’s built-in bump stop, slowing the suspension’s travel before it hits its final cushion. The design is ideal for absorbing the extreme forces exerted on the jounce bumper during high-speed desert racing. STOCK FIVE-LINK TRAILING-ARM COIL SPRING REAR SUSPENSION There are two suspensions available for the rear: a standard five-link trailing arm coil spring suspension and optional self-leveling air spring suspension, available with the off-road package, which also includes an air compressor and tire inflation accessory. The standard five-link coil spring suspension’s basic linkages include two forged-steel upper control arms and two stamped-steel lower control arms with bushings on each side for better isolation. These components control the solid rear axle’s fore-aft and vertical position; a track bar controls the axle’s lateral position. This suspension is inherently much smoother than a leaf-spring system. H2’s suspension also features brand-new variable-rate coil springs, longer shock absorbers and different linkage positioning-all designed to provide more articulation for the rear axle during off-road operation. The new variable-rate coil springs have a dual stage design for on-/off-road comfort and increased suspension articulation under demanding off-road conditions. On-road (or under lightly loaded conditions), their low (or "soft") spring rate optimizes comfort. Off-road, the springs adjust themselves to varying road conditions. If a driver starts running through undulating terrain or speeding over rocks, the spring rate will progressively stiffen to help prevent high-input forces at the rear from being transmitted to the body and to keep the suspension from bottoming-out. The springs actually progress from a low rate to a transitional and then a high (stiffer) rate. Aside from their excellent ride characteristics, they also provide good handling because, due to their progressive nature, they don’t transfer weight to the same degree as conventional coil springs, thereby minimizing vehicle roll. A specifically tuned, 30mm diameter rear stabilizer bar helps enhance off-road control; a 32mm bar comes with the optional suspension. It has a tubular design, with a 5mm wall thickness, intended to provide high strength in a lightweight piece. Like the stabilizer bar used with the air spring suspension, it is also specially contoured to help protect the more delicate drop links. OPTIONAL SELF-LEVELING REAR AIR SPRING SUSPENSION The optional, self-leveling air spring suspension system is new for GM. The system is available with the off-road suspension package. The package also includes a high-capacity air compressor and inflation accessory. The air spring suspension system’s numerous benefits include: A smooth on-road ride. The air springs provide a 4.3-Hz rating (natural frequency), compared to the 4.5-Hz rating of the standard coil spring suspension. A longer suspension stroke for off-road operation. Longer, 719mm length shocks are used to provide an additional 20mm of rebound travel over that of the coil spring suspension. This improves traction by helping to maintain wheel contact with the ground over undulating terrain. The shock absorbers, although having the same 46mm diameter as those with the coil spring suspension, also feature a larger-diameter-size rod for increased durability. Automatic load leveling. If a customer loads up the rear of an H2, for example, the automatic load-leveling suspension system will detect the drop in ride height and pump more air into the springs to restore a level condition. It has height sensors attached to the suspension links, which monitor and determine deviations from the standard height, and the system adjusts accordingly. The system includes an air dryer, which removes all the moisture from the air to prevent it from contaminating or degrading the springs. Because it’s a closed system, once the springs are charged, they won’t lose pressure. A driver-selectable rear suspension height elevation ("extended ride height") feature provides extra ground clearance at the rear and improves the vehicle’s departure angle. Off-road, if the truck is in the "4 LO" transfer case mode, the driver can raise the rear suspension by 50mm (about two inches) using a ride height switch on the instrument panel. This increases the H2’s rear departure angle from 38.1 degrees to 40.0 degrees. Once the vehicle’s wheels are freed and driver leaves the rock, the system can be returned to normal. Anytime the vehicle exceeds 20 mph, the system automatically restores the rear suspension to its standard height. Also, at freeway speeds (beginning around 50 mph), it will lower the rear end slightly to further improve the vehicle’s stability. The HUMMER H2 is more competent than the skeptical eye will see. It’s less expensive than the original HUMMER yet is far more comfortable and stylish. Except for my own inexperience in off-roading, I never felt uncomfortable driving the HUMMER H2 anywhere. |